1. Thales - Water is the beginning of all things. This proposition opened a new era of human understanding and opened the curtain to examine the world from the perspective of philosophy.
2. Anaximander - The world comes from uncertainty. Anaximander, born in Miletus, was a follower of Thales and his most distinguished student.
3. Anaximenes - The world is born of infinite air. In the history of Western philosophy, he initiated the history of using the quantitative change of things to explain the difference of things in nature.
4. Pythagoras -- All things are numbers. "The best people devote themselves to discovering meaning and purpose in life itself." He who seeks to reveal the mysteries of nature, and loves knowledge, is a philosopher."
5. Parmenides - Being is one. From Parmenides, the study of philosophy began to enter the field of speculation.
6. Heraclitus -- One cannot step into the same river twice. "Everything flows and nothing dwells."
7. Protagoras - Man is the measure of all things. He was the first person to call himself a wise man, the first public teacher in ancient Greece, and the first to charge tuition.
8. Socrates knew his ignorance. It is such a homely figure that many young people gather around him, debate with him on a variety of issues, and become their spiritual mentor and mentor.
9. Zeno -- Flying arrows don't move. Aristotle said that he was the founder of the method of argumentation or dialectics. His argumentation method and argumentation technique are the source of thought of later wise men, and promote the development of logical and theoretical thinking.
10. Empedocles -- Like knows like. His life is full of legendary colors, it can be said that in him, the philosopher, the prophet, the scientist and the charlatan, etc., so often intersected, so that we can not exactly picture him.
11. Anaxagora -- Different people know each other. As the ideological pioneer of atomic materialism, Anaxagoras proved his value and won enough respect by his philosophical activities and thoughts.
12. Plato -- Philosophy is king. Emerson praised Plato and his masterpiece The Republic: "Plato is philosophy, and philosophy is Plato." "Burn down all the libraries, for all its value is in this book."
13. Democritus - Atoms and void form the universe. Democritus was described by Marx and Engels as "the empirical natural scientist and the first encyclopedic scholar among the Greeks".
Diogenes -- don't block my sun. "A philosopher, even as a slave, is the natural ruler of others, just as a doctor is the teacher of his sick."
15. Aristotle -- It is human nature to seek knowledge. His entire work amounts to more than 1,000 volumes. Aristotle's work covered almost all fields of knowledge at the time.
16, Epicurus - Happiness is the beginning and end of a happy life. When someone asked him what philosophy was, he replied, "Philosophy is a potion for the sick of the soul."
Cicero -- Friendship can make us full of hope for the future. Virtue is the foundation of friendship, but also the breeding and protection of friendship.
18, Lucretius - the real wealth of people is to have a simple and peaceful mind. "Lucretius alone waged a great war in his time, and he was certainly one of the greatest philosophical poets. Because of him, and later Cartalus, Cicero, and Virgil, Latin literature came to maturity."
Augustine - Truth dwells in the heart of man. The purpose of Augustinian philosophy is to demonstrate the Christian faith by philosophical means and guide people to seek the path of God.
Eleugena - faith should obey reason. Hegel believed that in the Middle Ages, true philosophy began with Eleugena.
21, Anselm - faith to understand. Anselm is a medieval European scholasticism, theologian, one of the main representatives of realism, known as "the last godfather and the first scholasticism."
Rogil Bacon -- there is no greater danger than ignorance. Rogil Bacon can be said to be the last scholar with scientific thoughts in the old era, and the earliest scientific thinker in the new era.
Thomas Aquinas - Philosophy is the handmaid of theology. In total, he proposed five forms of proof of God's existence, which are simply called the "five ways" to God.
24, Eckhart - God and divinity are different from heaven and earth. Eckhart's speculation on God and soul undoubtedly deeply influenced the speculative spirit of later German philosophy.
Duns Scott - perfect knowledge is personal knowledge. Scott was aware of the threat of reason to faith, and tried to limit knowledge and preserve the territory for faith by giving up the proof of reason to faith. But this practice objectively created conditions for philosophy to get rid of the shackles of theology.
26, William Occam - If it is not necessary, do not add substance. In the history of philosophy, this proposition is known as "Occam's razor."
Nicholas of Kusa - Knowledge is learned ignorance. The so-called learned ignorance is by no means the obscurantism advocated by orthodox theologians for ignorance, but means that people reach an understanding of their ignorance through the search for knowledge.
Bruno - the universe is too one. "Fire cannot conquer me, the future world will understand me and know my value!"
29, Francis Bacon - Knowledge is power. One of the main effects of friendship is to let people vent and release the pent-up and lingering thoughts caused by various emotions in their hearts.
30, Hobbes - freedom and necessity are compatible. Compared with his contemporaries, Hobbes had a more sensitive feeling and a more urgent desire for "peace and security".
Descartes - I think, therefore I am. As a philosopher, Descartes is recognized as the founder of modern Western philosophy.
Spinoza - the absolute virtue of the mind is to understand. He clearly defined the goal of his philosophy as the moral supreme good, that is, to achieve the highest perfection of life.
Locke - all our knowledge is based on experience. The human mind is like a "blank SLATE" without any marks, and only after experience leaves its imprint on it do we form ideas and knowledge.
34, Leibniz - A list does not have a window through which something can enter and exit. The scholar who was full of respect and curiosity for ancient China was Leibniz, the most important German mathematician, physicist and philosopher at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.
Berkeley - To exist is to be perceived. This proposition clearly affirmed the active role of subject and spirit for the first time in the history of western philosophy, and had an important impact on the subsequent development of philosophy.
Freedom is the right to do everything permitted by law. In the broadest sense, law is a necessary relation arising out of the nature of things.
Voltaire - Happiness is an abstract concept composed of several happy feelings. He has a series of laurels and honors: "the best poet in France", "heir to Corneille and Racine", "the great leader of European thought", "Dean Verne", "President of the French Academy"...
Latterly - Man is a machine. "Any true philosopher will agree that the transition from animal to human is not a drastic one."
Habit is the great guide of life. "I feel an irrepressible aversion to everything except philosophy and the study of general learning."
Rousseau - At every moment of our lives, we are dying and being born. "Man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains."
Diderot - the first step towards philosophy is doubt. Under the leadership, organization and persistence of Diderot, Encyclopaedia became a sharp weapon for enlightenment thinkers to fight against feudal reactionary forces.
Aier maintenance - interest is our only driving force. In the history of western philosophy, the unique feature of Elveus is the utilitarianism ethical thought with interest as the core.
All honest and honest minds listen to the voice of reason. Holbach was a clever warrior.
Kant - human nature legislation. "There are two things which, the more often and the longer we think about them, the more they fill our hearts with ever-increasing admiration and awe: the starry sky above us, and the moral law in our hearts."
Fichte -- Scholars are human teachers. Under the influence of Kant's philosophy, Fichte constructed his own philosophy system starting from "self", which he called "epistemology".
Human beings can and should make their own history. In philosophy, Schelling transformed the subjective idealism of Kant and Fichte into objective idealism and extended the subjective dialectics to the outside world, thus creating conditions for Hegel to establish a philosophical system later.
Hegel - all rational is realistic. Hegel established an impressive system of objective idealism, which mainly describes the three stages of the development of the absolute spiritual self: logic, natural philosophy, and philosophy of mind.
Feuerbach - the highest thing in philosophy is the essence of man. "The liberating effect of this book can only be imagined by those who have experienced it. There was great excitement: we were all Feuerbach for a moment."
Marx -- doubt everything. "Philosophers just interpret the world in different ways. The problem is to change the world."
Engels - Every progress in culture is a step towards freedom. "The freer one is in his judgment of a given question, the greater is the inevitability of the content of that judgment."
1、泰勒斯——水是万物的始基。这一命题开创了人类认识的一个新时代，拉开了从哲学的角度审视世界的大幕。
2、阿那克西曼德——世界源于无定。阿那克西曼德生于米利都，是泰勒斯的追随者和最出色的学生。
3、阿那克西米尼——世界源于无限的空气。在西方哲学史上，他开创了用事物量的变化来说明事物在性质上的区别的历史。
4、毕达哥拉斯——万物都是数。“最优秀的人则献身于发现生活本身的意义和目的。他设法揭示自然的奥秘，热爱知识，这种人就是哲学家。”
5、巴门尼德——存在是一。从巴门尼德开始，哲学的研究开始进入思辨的领域。
6、赫拉克利特——人不能两次踏进同一条河流。“一切皆流，无物常住。”
7、普罗泰戈拉——人是万物的尺度。他是第一个自称为智者的人，也是古希腊第一位公众教师，还是第一个收学费的人。
8、苏格拉底——自知其无知。就是这么一个其貌不扬的人物，让很多年轻人聚集在他的周围，和他就形形色色的问题展开激辩，成为他们的精神导师和良师益友。
9、芝诺——飞矢不动。亚里士多德说他是论辩法即辩证法的创始人。他的论证方法及辩论技巧，是后来智者们的思想渊源，促进了逻辑和理论思维的发展。
10、恩培多克勒——同类相知。他的一生充满了传奇的色彩，可以说在他那里，哲学家、预言者、科学家和江湖术士等等身份经常交错出现，以至于我们无法确切地勾勒出他的形象。
11、阿那克萨戈拉——异类相知。作为原子唯物论的思想先驱，阿那克萨戈拉凭借自己的哲学活动和哲学思想证明了自己的价值，也赢得了足够的尊重。
12、柏拉图——哲学为王。爱默生则如此称赞柏拉图和他的代表作《(理想国)》：“柏拉图就是哲学，哲学就是柏拉图。”“烧掉所有的图书馆吧，因为它的全部价值都在这本书里了。”
13、德谟克利特——原子与虚空生成宇宙。德谟克利特被马克思和恩格斯称为“经验的自然科学家和希腊人中第一个百科全书式的学者”。
14、第欧根尼——别挡住我的阳光。“一个哲人，即便他身为奴隶，也是他人的自然统治者，就像医生是病人的导师一样。”
15、亚里士多德——求知是人类的本性。他的全部著作多达1000多卷。亚里士多德的研究几乎覆盖了当时所有的知识领域。
16、伊壁鸠鲁——快乐是幸福生活的起点和终点。当有人问他什么是哲学的时候，他回答：“哲学就是一帖治疗灵魂疾病的药剂。”
17、西塞罗——友谊能使我们对未来充满希望。德行是友谊的基础，也是友谊的孕育和保护者。
18、卢克莱修——人的真正财富是拥有简单平和的心灵。“卢克莱修在他的时代独自进行了一场壮烈的战争，他当然是一位最伟大的哲学诗人。因为他，以及后来的卡塔路斯、西塞罗和维吉尔，拉丁文学才走向成熟。”
19、奥古斯丁——真理就居住在人的内心。奥古斯丁哲学的目的是用哲学的手段论证基督教的信仰，指引人们寻求上帝的路径。
20、爱留根纳——信仰应当服从理性。黑格尔认为，在中世纪，真正的哲学是从爱留根纳开始的。
21、安瑟伦——信仰了才能理解。安瑟伦是欧洲中世纪经院哲学家、神学家，唯实论的主要代表之一，被称为“最后一名教父和第一个经院哲学。
22、罗吉尔·培根——危险莫大于愚昧。罗吉尔·培根可以说是旧时代最后一位具有科学思想的学者，也是新时代最早的一位科学思想家。
23、托马斯·阿奎那——哲学是神学的婢女。他一共提出了证明上帝存在的五种形式，这五种形式被简称为通向上帝的“五路”。
24、艾克哈特——神和神性有天地之别。艾克哈特关于神和灵魂的思辨无疑深刻地影响了后世德国哲学的思辨精神。
25、邓斯·司各脱——完善的知识是个别的知识。司各脱意识到了理性对信仰的威胁，并力图通过放弃理性对信仰的证明，限制认识，为信仰保留地盘。但这种做法，在客观上却为哲学摆脱神学束缚创造了条件。
26、威廉·奥卡姆——若无必要，勿增实体。在哲学史上，这个命题被称为“奥卡姆剃刀”。
27、库萨的尼古拉——认识是有学问的无知。所谓有学问的无知，绝不是正统神学家鼓吹愚昧无知的蒙昧主义，而是指人们通过对知识的探求，而后达到对自己无知的认识。
28、布鲁诺——宇宙是太一。“火并不能把我征服，未来的世界会了解我，懂得我的价值的！”
29、弗朗西斯·培根——知识就是力量。友情的一个主要功效乃是使人心中有各种情感引起的郁积和萦绕的心事得以宣泄和释放。
30、霍布斯——自由与必然是相容的。与同时代的人相比，霍布斯对于“和平与安全”有着更为敏感的感受和更为迫切的渴望。
31、笛卡尔——我思故我在。作为哲学家的笛卡尔，是公认的现代西方哲学的奠基人。
32、斯宾诺莎——心灵的绝对德性就是理解。他明确地将自己哲学的目的定位于道德上的至善，即达到人生最高的完美境界。
33、洛克——我们的全部知识是建立在经验上面的。人的心灵就如同一块没有任何标记的“白板”，只有在经验在上面留下印痕之后，我们才形成了观念和知识。
34、莱布尼茨——单子并没有可供某物出入的窗户。这位对古老的中国充满敬仰和好奇的学者，就是17、18世纪之交德国最重要的数学家、物理学家和哲学家莱布尼茨。
35、贝克莱——存在就是被感知。这一命题在西方哲学史上第一次明确地肯定了主体、精神的能动作用，对其后的哲学发展产生了重要影响。
36、孟德斯鸠——自由是做法律所许可的一切事情的权利。从最广泛的意义来说，法是由事物的本性所产生出来的必然关系。
37、伏尔泰——幸福是由若干快乐感觉构成的一种抽象概念。他有一系列桂冠和荣耀：“法兰西最优秀诗人”、“高乃依和拉辛的继承人”、“欧洲思想界的泰斗”、“凡尔那教长”、“法兰西学院院长”……
38、拉美特利——人是一架机器。“凡是真正的哲学家都会同意，从动物到人并不是一个剧烈的转变。”
39、休谟——习惯是人生的伟大指南。“除了哲学和一般学问的钻研而外，我对任何东西都感到一种不可抑制的嫌恶。”
40、卢梭——在我们的生命的每一个时刻，我们都在死亡和诞生。“人是生而自由的，却无往不在枷锁之中。”
41、狄德罗——迈向哲学的第一步，就是怀疑。在狄德罗的领导、组织和坚持下，《百科全书)》成了启蒙思想家们向封建反动势力进行斗争的锐利武器。
42、爱尔维修——利益是我们的惟一推动力。在西方哲学史上，爱尔维修的独特之处，就是以利益为核心的功利主义伦理学思想。
43、霍尔巴赫——一切正直和诚实的心灵都倾听理性的声音。霍尔巴赫是一个聪明的战士。
44、康德——人为自然立法。“有两样东西，我们愈经常愈持久地加以思索，它们就愈使心灵充满日新月异、有加无己的景仰和敬畏：头上的灿烂星空和心中的道德律令。”
45、费希特——学者就是人类的教师。在康德哲学的影响下，费希特建构了自己以“自我”为起点的哲学体系，他称之为“知识学”。
46、谢林——人类能够而且应该自己创造自己的历史。在哲学上，谢林把康德和费希特的主观唯心论转变为客观唯心论，把主观辩证法推广到外部世界，从而为后来黑格尔建立哲学体系创造了条件。
47、黑格尔——凡是合乎理性的都是现实的。黑格尔建立起令人叹为观止的客观唯心主义体系，主要讲述绝对精神自我发展的三个阶段：逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学。
48、费尔巴哈——哲学上最高的东西是人的本质。“这部书的解放作用，只有亲身体验过的人才能想象得到。当时大家都很兴奋：我们一时都成为费尔巴哈派了。”
49、马克思——怀疑一切。“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，问题在于改变世界。”
50、恩格斯——文化上的每一个进步，都是迈向自由的一步。“人对一定问题的判断越是自由，这个判断的内容所具有的必然性就越大。”